Importance Of Intracellular Bound Nucleus And Organelles...

Describe, using named examples and annotated diagrams where appropriate, membrane-bound nucleus and organelles within eukaryotes cells; explain evolutionary advantages of intracellular compartmentalization. Living cells are the functional biological building blocks of animals. They come together to form complex organic tissues, organs, and whole bodies, as well as some of these organisms themselves existing in a unicellular form. Cells vary in size and dimension, with Eukaryotes ranging from 1x10-3m to 1x10-4m in length, whilst the smaller and less structurally complex Prokaryotes exist between measurements of 1x10-4m to 1x10-7m in length. This size is contained by the cell membrane; providing surface area, whilst the three-dimensional formations offer volume to the cell, which comes from the structural sum of all constituents present in the cytoplasm. Cells have evolved; they are small in order to benefit from a large surface area to volume ratio. An increased surface area is very advantageous as it allows more sites for protein carriers to transport nutrients into the cell, as well as encouraging more biochemical reactions on the surface, and across the membrane. With both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes having ability to transport multiple nutrients and molecules into the cell, a range of reactions can take place within these cells. All the vital catalysts, reactants and reagents required to make use of these transported substances are in the cytoplasm of both types ofShow MoreRelatedAbout Cells Essay2434 Words   |  10 Pageson. These large polymeric molecules, or macromolecules, are proteins, made from linear chains of amino acids, DNA and RNA (nucleic acids made from nucleotide bases), and polysaccharides (made of sugar subunits). Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes There is a fundamental division, in size and in internal organization, between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells, found only in bacteria and cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae), are relativelyRead MoreThe Endoplasmic Reticulum1644 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the central intracellular organelle providing stringent quality control systems to protein synthesis. Upon accumulation of misfolded/ unfolded proteins in the ER, eukaryotic cells have developed an evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanism, unfolded protein response (UPR), to clear these proteins and restore ER homeostasis. The ability to respond to perturbations in ER function is critical for cell survival but chronic or amplified ER stress canRead MoreAn Outline of the Cell Theory Essay3791 Words   |  16 Pagestheory replaces the former ideas of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis in which inanimate matter assembles itself into living forms †¢ Exception: muscle cells- more than 1 nucleus, very long; (fungal cells) hyphae roots- not a single unit; protoctista- not specialized to single function; subcellular things like organelles 2.1.2 Discuss the evidence for the cell theory (3). †¢ Robert Hooke first described cells in 1665 while observing cork with a microscope he built. Coined the term â€Å"cell† †¢ AntoineRead MoreIb Bio Hl Chap 1 Cell9873 Words   |  40 PagesSATHAR MOHD 2012-2014 13. The electron micrograph below shows an organelle in a eukaryotic cell. What is the area labelled X and what is the type of reaction occurring there? [Source: http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2006/11/cell_structure.php] X A. B. C. D. 13. D matrix stroma stroma matrix Reaction photolysis Krebs cycle photolysis Krebs cycle [1] 14. In which of the following cells can more than one nucleus be found? A. B. C. D. An unfertilized egg Neuron Sertoli cell Muscle fibre Read MoreCell Biology Final Essay30093 Words   |  121 Pages__________________________________ Date: ______________Comprehensive Study Guide. Test will only be Multiple choice 1. The feature that most clearly separates eukaryotes from prokaryotes is the presence of _______ in eukaryotic cells. A) ribosomes B) oxidative phosphorylation C) DNA molecules -D) a nucleus 2. Cytoplasmic organelles are - A) absent in prokaryotic cells; present in eukaryotic cells. B) present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. C) present in prokaryotic cells;Read MoreBio 101 Essay24965 Words   |  100 PagesBiology  relies  heavily  on  the  use  of  numbers,  measurements  and  calculations.  Ã‚  Consequently,  scientists   use  a  universal  measuring  standard  called  the  metric  system.  Ã‚  Because  the  metric  system  is  based  on   units  of  ten,  it  simplifies  making  conversions  within  that  system.   The  basic  units  of  measurement  in  the  metric  system  are:   ï‚ ·Ã¯â‚¬   Gram:  when  measuring  mass.   ï‚ ·Ã¯â‚¬   Liter:  when  measuring  liquid  volume.   ï‚ ·Ã¯â‚¬   Meter:  when  measuring  distance.  Ã‚   Note:  In  the  table  below  meters  are  shown   as  an  exampleRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pages 78-81 Light 82-91 Sound 92 Simple Machines 93-99 Unit 5 The Physical Environment Weather and Climate 100-113 Soils 114-128 Unit 6 Living things in the Environment Plant and animal cells 129 Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes 130 Structures and functions 133-137 Microbes 148-150 Onion and cheek cells 150-151 Ecological study 154 Seed structure and germination 155-157 Reproduction in plants 158-165 Sexually transmitted

Mark Twains Ideas of Racism in Huckleberry Finn and...

Mark Twains Ideas of Racism in Huckleberry Finn and Puddnhead Wilson Mark Twain had written two very similar novels that are based on the ideas of racism, or prejudice against certain races,(in this case, Afro-American during his lifetime. These two novels, Huckleberry Finn and Puddnhead Wilson, depict a very satirical yet realistic view of the way society behaves and how people in general live and grow in different social systems or positions. Huck Finn depicts a strong basis on racism and society, where as Puddnhead Wilson illustrates how slavery and racism are portrayed in his society. There is a major argument among literary critics whether The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is or is not a racist novel. The†¦show more content†¦These social injustices are even more evident when Huck and Jim have to make landfall, and this provides Twain with the chance to satirize the socially correct injustices that Huck and Jim encounter on land. The satire that Twain uses to expose the racism and injustice of society develops along with the adventures that Huck and Jim have. Throughout the book we see the hypocrisy of society. The first character we come across with that trait is Miss Watson. Miss Watson constantly corrects Huck for his unacceptable behavior, but Huck doesnt understand why, That is just the way with some people. They get down on a thing when they dont know nothing about it. Later when Miss Watson tries to teach Huck about Heaven, he decides against trying to go there, ...she was going to live so as to go the good place. Well, I couldnt see no advantage in going where she was going, so I made up my mind I wouldnt try for it. The comments made by Huck clearly show Miss Watson as a hypocrite, scolding Huck for wanting to smoke and then using snuff herself and firmly believing that she would be in heaven. This example finds Huck again running to freedom of the river. The river never cares how saintly you are, how rich you are, or what society thinks you are. The river allows Huck the one thing that Huck wants to be, and that is Huck. The ri ver is freedom than the land is oppression, and that oppression is no more evident than it is to Jim. It can be considered that the riverShow MoreRelated Mark Twains Writings and Race Essay1954 Words   |  8 PagesMark Twains Writings and Race Samuel Langhorne Clemens, whom readers know as Mark Twain, has written many novels including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in 1876; The Prince and the Pauper in 1882; Puddin’ Head Wilson in 1883; and Twain’s masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn which was completed in 1883 (Simpson 103). Throughout Mark Twain’s writings, Twain had written about the lifestyle in the South the way it was in truth and detail. Mark Twain was not predjudice in his writings,Read MoreMark Twain s Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1562 Words   |  7 PagesMark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens) Introduction Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835- April 21, 1910), commonly known as Mark Twain was an American writer whose works act as social commentary on issues including racism, poverty and class distinctions. His most distinguished novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) convey the vanquished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi Valley and life on the river. His unpretentious, colloquialRead MoreEssay Mark Twain2590 Words   |  11 PagesMark Twain As one of Americas first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain, usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experience. # Two of his best-known novels show this trait, in his Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain immortalized the sleepy little town of Hannibal,

Animals Have Souls! Free Essays

Alexis Clendenin Gabriel 21 March, 2013 English IV Senior Project Animals have souls. Should Animal Experimentation for Medical Research be banned? Throughout history, animal experimentation has played an imperative role in leading to new discoveries and human advantages. However, many people tend to forget the great numbers of animal that have suffered serious damage during the process of experimentation. We will write a custom essay sample on Animals Have Souls! or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people misunderstand the nature the lives that animals actually live, and are unable to understand the actual laboratory procedures and techniques. Animal experimentation should be excluded because it is inhumane, unethical, and there are safer ways to test products. According to the latest US statistics, â€Å"Nearly one million animals were tortured, mutilated and killed in US laboratories in 2009. †(Business Wire) The most common animals used for experimentation are mice, rats, rabbits, primates, dogs, cats; no animal is safe from experimentation. (PETA) Animals should be roaming free, not lying in a cold cage not knowing what’s about to transpire upon them. In the laboratory, animals are compelled to inhaling, ingesting getting injected with lethal substances. PETA) Humans have stronger rights than animals since we can reason rationally. We use animals to eat them, play with them, and wear their skins. Most vital, we use them as test subjects for medical purposes. The research has led us to discoveries which have saved millions of lives. The outcomes have led to immunizations against polio, mumps, hepatitis, di phtheria, and rubella; which have saved countless lives. (Gale, 2) Researching animals is crucial for scientists, medical societies, and health agencies all over the world to enhance the lives of humans. Government regulations around the world require that new drugs, vaccines and surgical implants first be tested in animals for potential toxic reactions. † (Gale, 1) The testing of animals is the only guaranteed way we can continue our production of safe medicines. Without animal testing scientists cannot be optimistic that all medicines on the market are safe and reliable. To be helpful to human beings, the drugs should be tested using human cells, tissues, and organs. Recent technological developments made it possible to replace experimenting on animals. The use of cell culture, analytical technology, micro-organism tests, and computer models are some examples of additional approaches for medical research. (O’Neill, 2) Scientists only want to obtain the best results and that is why they test on animals. Animals and humans can have the similar medical issues. (Gale, 1)†Opposition to all animal testing would require a life without drugs, vaccines, painkillers, anesthetics, and surgery. †(Gale 2) If we didn’t have any treatments to any illnesses, would the human species survive? The answer is unknown. Every day in the United States animals are beaten, neglected, or forced to struggle for survival. Left in unsanitary conditions with no food or water, they have little hope as they live out their days without the compassion they deserve. Some are found and rescued, given the chance to experience how great life and humans can be; others aren’t so lucky. To grow as a nation, we must fight for these abused animals’ rights and severely punish heartless owners. It is up to us to speak for these creatures who lack a voice, for who will if we don’t? One of the first steps in protecting animals and creating effective cruelty laws is knowing what animal cruelty actually is. There are two categories: passive cruelty and active cruelty. The first involves acts of omission, meaning the abuse happens as a result of neglect or lack of action. Passive cruelty might seem less serious, but that is not the case; it can lead to terrible pain and suffering, and ultimately death. Examples include starvation, dehydration, untreated parasite infestations, inadequate shelter in extreme weather conditions, and the failure to get medical care. Passive cruelty is sometimes due to the owner’s ignorance, so many animal control officers will first try to educate neglectful owners on how to properly care for animals before giving them a citation or placing them under arrest. Active cruelty, on the other hand, is more well known and disturbing. Sometimes referred to as non-accidental injury, this type of abuse involves purposefully inflicting harm on an animal in order to feel more powerful or gain control. Active cruelty against animals should be taken very seriously, since it can be a sign that a person has serious psychological issues and may commit more acts of violence – possibly against humans. It is hard to tell just what drives people to harm innocent animals. â€Å"According to a 1997 study done by the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Northeastern University, animal abusers are five times more likely to commit violent crimes against people and four times more likely to commit property crimes than are individuals without a history of animal abuse,† says Pet-abuse. om. It is vital to report people who hurt animals. Most animal abusers find some sort of fulfillment or power in torturing a victim they know can’t fight back, which is why crimes like rape and child molestation are committed. While not all animal abusers become serial killers or rapists, it is important to take every case seriously. For example, Carroll Edward Col e was a West Coast serial killer who may have murdered as many as 35 women in the 1970s and was executed in 1985. Based on Cole’s testimony, his first violent act was strangling a puppy. The Columbine school shooting is another example of animal abuse as a precursor to human violence. Before killing 12 classmates and then turning the guns on themselves, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebod had bragged to friends about mutilating animals. If these acts had been reported to authorities and taken seriously, these two young men might have been put in a proper facility and helped, possibly avoiding the horrific massacre. Given these examples, it’s hard to imagine why all states don’t take animal cruelty seriously. Alaska, Arkansas, Idaho, Mississippi, North Dakota, and South Dakota have no felony provisions for cruelty to animals. According to the Humane Society, a good felony anticruelty law should protect all animals, apply to first-time offenders, carry large fines and lengthy prison time, have no exemptions, require convicted abusers to get counseling at their own expense, and prohibit abusers from owning or living among animals. Along with these laws we need officials who will strongly enforce them. Police, psychologists, and even the FBI recognize the link between animal cruelty and violence against people. To better protect communities, all states should institute strong penalties and work to increase public awareness of these crimes. It’s not only up to the legal system to ensure that communities across the country are aware and educated about animal cruelty. There are plenty of things everyday citizens can do. The simplest action is for people to take care of their own pets and learn the facts so they can educate others on proper animal care. Another easy way to help is by donating to or volunteering at a local animal shelter. Contrary to popular belief, volunteering doesn’t require a lot of time; simply going in a few hours a week helps tremendously. Finally, by writing letters you can remind your local lawmakers that animal abuse is a real problem that needs to be addressed. Taking a few minutes to support this worthy cause not only helps animals, it allows you to feel proud about standing up for something so important to society. It is our job to be the voice for creatures who cannot speak up for themselves. As a nation we need to make it our priority to come together and ensure the safety of our beloved pets. As Margaret Mead once said, â€Å"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. † How to cite Animals Have Souls!, Essay examples

Ensuring Team Effectiveness Primarily Organisation

Question: Describe about the Ensuring Team Effectiveness for Primarily Organisation. Answer: Team cohesion is a challenging factor to maintain in an organization primarily because it is challenging to maintain the reason behind the team coming together. Thus, the aim of team cohesion is to prevent team fragmentation which will result in poor performance of the team (Du Plessis Mabunda 2016). To maintain team cohesion at Fit and Fab, mentoring and buddy systems will be put in place. The essence of these systems will be to increase the support that the members of the gym provide each other. Some new members are not yet used to the organization. Using mentorship programs, the older members of the team can show their support to the individual allowing for better relationships among the team members. Training and development will also be an approach that will be used to foster better team cohesion. The members will be trained on how to foster a healthy relationship with one another. Describe the policies and procedures that you will put in place to assist with building the team. To enhance team cohesion, there will be policies and procedures which specify the responsibilities and roles of each member of the team. According to motivational theories, when an employee knows what is expected of him or her by the management, he or she will be motivated towards meeting these expectations (Schneider et al. 2015). Thus, for the Fit and Fab team, there should be specific roles that each team member performs. That will show the team members that they are valuable members of the team motivating them to work hard. By setting up these policies, there will be reduced conflict because everyone will be responsible for his or her actions. The advantage of this is that the company will save the resources it would have used in settling conflicts at the workplace. Therefore, these policies will increase the ease with which the team members associate increasing team cohesion. What strategies will you use if problems arise within the team? I will develop processes that will ensure that problems, issues, and concerns are identified and addressed as a team. Being a team means that they should have mechanisms to address these problems in ways that will not cause conflicts. Workplace conflicts will cause inconveniences to the gym clients reducing their appreciation for the services they receive (Fox Keisling 2016). Thus, avoiding these conflicts require that the team members to have a code of conduct that will promote the team effectiveness of achieving its goals. Having the entire team agree on a common code will make it easier to identify who breaks the code and make an effort to punish the culprits. The code will be an instrument of order within the team increasing accountability among the team members. Increased accountability will increase the team cohesion by building trust among them. Who will be the stakeholders and how will you liaise with them? The stakeholders in the case of Fit and Fab will be the clientele of the gym. The reason behind this is that they are the ones affected directly by the effectiveness of the team. If the trainers are motivated, their effectiveness in their service delivery will increase (Senecal et al. 2008). Ultimately customer satisfaction is the ultimate commodity that an organization seeks. It is the situation when the clients are satisfied with the performance of the organization. The advantage of the situation is that it will increase customer loyalty. The threat of substitution comes in with the presence of other gyms so that the consumers have other options (Million Bossaller 2015). When the team from the gym provides quality service, the clients will opt to remain loyal to the gym. To liaise with this group, there will be a suggestion box available to the clients where they can provide customer feedback. Identify the costs to be considered The gym will have to prepare for the changes that will be implemented. For instance, during the implementation of the mentorship and buddy system, there will be costs incurred such as team building holidays where the entire team is taken on excursion and team building trips. The essentiality of this trip is that it will enable the team to come to terms with each other. Creating a friendship atmosphere is key when it comes to shaping the work environment into a friendly one (Van Raalte et al. 2007). The trips will also create a bond among these members allowing them to be more effective in their work positions. The new employees will become oriented into the team faster while the casual employees will gain a sense of belonging and thus develop employee loyalty. Therefore, the team building trips and excursions will be a necessary expenditure. Identify and discuss different risks for implementing any changes. A risk of implementing changes in an organization is change resistance of the employees. The main cause of change resistance are rumors which cause fear among the employees of an organization. When an employee fears for his or her job, he or she will resist the change. The resistance can be shown by the older employees refusing to show the newcomers what is expected of them (Thompson et al. 2015). That will cause the new employees to find it harder to get used to the systems. In this case, some new employees are supposed to be oriented into the gym. When the older trainers feel as if their jobs are threatened, they will refuse to accept the new members. Thus, there is a need for team cohesion which will cause the employees to view each other as comrades rather than competitors. Poor change implementation could disrupt the normal operations of the gym. When there is an abrupt overhaul of the entire system, there is a risk of confusion because the employees are not used to the new system. When there is a change, there should be phased changeover which allows for the members of the organization to adapt to the system (Filho et al. 2015). It also allows for feedback from the employees to learn about the potential shortcomings that the new system may bring. The gym will have to ensure that there are change management facilities such as suggestion boxes which will allow for the communication between the employees and the leaders. The feedback allows for the tailoring of the changes to suit the organization. References Du Plessis, T, Mabunda, T 2016, 'Change management in an academic library in the knowledge economy', South African Journal of Libraries Information Science, 82, 1, pp. 53-61. Filho, E, Tenenbaum, G, Yang, Y 2015, 'Cohesion, Team mental models, and collective efficacy: towards an integrated framework of team dynamics in sport', Journal of Sports Sciences, 33, 6, pp. 641-653 Fox, R, Keisling, B 2016, 'Build Your Program by Building Your Team: Inclusively Transforming Services, Staffing and Spaces', Journal of Library Administration, 56, 5, pp. 526-539 Million, A, S. Bossaller, J 2015, 'Strike While the Iron Is Hot: Change Management in the Context of a New Political Administration', Journal of Library Administration, 55, 2, pp. 92-113 Schneider, W, Brewster, K, Kielland, K 2015, 'Team Building on Dangerous Ice: A Study in Collaborative Learning', Arctic, 68, 3, pp. 399-404 Sencal, J, Loughead, T, Bloom, G 2008, 'A Season-Long Team-Building Intervention: Examining the Effect of Team Goal Setting on Cohesion', Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 30, 2, pp. 186-199 Thompson, B, Haidet, P, Borges, N, Carchedi, L, Roman, B, Townsend, M, Butler, A, Swanson, D, Anderson, M, Levine, R 2015, 'Team cohesiveness, team size and team performance in team-based learning teams', Medical Education, 49, 4, pp. 379-385 Van Raalte, J, Cornelius, A, Linder, D, Brewer, B 2007, 'the Relationship between Hazing and Team Cohesion', Journal of Sport Behavior, 30, 4, pp. 491-507.

Fairytale Synthesis paper free essay sample

â€Å"Hansel Gretel† by the Brothers Grimm(184-190), â€Å"Molly Whuppie† by Joseph Jacobs(209-211), and â€Å"The Juniper Tree† by the Brothers Grimm(190-197). All adhere to the idea stated by Maria Tartar in her introduction to â€Å"Hansel Gretel,† that â€Å"Food—it’s presence and it’s absence—shapes the social world of fairytales in profound ways. † (179). In all these tales, the main conflict that leads to the triumph is brought out by an issue that is related to food in some way. One story that can definitely attest to the validity of this claim is â€Å"Hansel Gretel. † In the very beginning they are abandoned by their parents in the woods, this conflict appears as a result of their stepmother’s fear of famine because they no longer had enough food to provide for the children. As Bruno Bettelheim says in his criticism of â€Å"Hansel Gretel,† †The mother represents the source of all food to the children, so it is she who now is experienced as abandoning them as if in a wilderness†(273). We will write a custom essay sample on Fairytale Synthesis paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This signifies the idea of how the anxiety of starvation, created by the mother, who is metaphorically the source of all food for them, leads them on their journey into the woods, which results in the children gaining a greater sense of independence and overall meaning of life. Through this endeavor they learn how to handle and overcome their own anxieties. They have no other choice but to do so since they have been abandoned in the woods and left to fend for themselves. By gathering the pebbles one night when he heard his parents talking about their plans to leave the children in the woods, Hansel secures his and his sister’s path back to home when they are left in the woods by their parents the first time. He lays out the pebbles on the path whilst on their way into the forest, waits for nightfall, and uses the light reflecting off the pebbles from the moonlight to guide him and his sister back to their house. Though their main goal was to get back to the house by any means necessary, this provides a solution to that problem, but the main issue is still present; the family is on the brink of famine. This makes them feel desperate initially because they do not know how they will fare without the parental guidance, but, as the story goes on, the two children slowly realize that it is necessary for them to make their own calculated decisions for themselves as to how to deal with their problems. When the children are in the forest the second time, and they have been traveling for 3 days at this point, they come across a house made of bread with a roof of cake and transparent windows made of sugar. Since they are so direly hungry at this point, they immediately begin to devour the house. After a while they hear a voice ask them â€Å"Nibble, Nibble is it a mouse? Who’s that nibbling at my house? † they reply â€Å"The wind so mild, the heavenly child,†(187). and she invites them inside. She feeds them a wonderful meal of milk and pancakes with sugar apples and nuts. We later find out that she is a nasty witch who lures children into her home in attempt to fatten them up to be eaten by her. This relates to how food can impact the events in fairytales in profound ways. Since they were starving they did not really give themselves a chance to evaluate the consequences that might arise in their unwittingly devouring a random house in the woods that was made of gingerbread and cake. This is how they come into the situation that creates their having to intelligently strategize ways to outwit the witch in order not to be eaten by her. This ultimately helps them mature and come to an understanding of the fact that you need to face your fears in order to overcome them, and this teaches them the lesson that the power resides in themselves leading them not to be reliant on their parents because of anxiety or fear that was initially created because of the absence of food. In this respect, I think an accurate summation of what the story is trying to convey is shown by Bruno Bettelheim, who wrote, â€Å"By implication the story tells about the debilitating consequences of trying to deal with life’s problems by means of regression and denial, which reduce one’s ability to solve problems. †(274). This is why when they return home the second time the mother becomes more shrewd and evil towards them and immediately wakes them up early the next morning to put them back even deeper into the woods. The way â€Å"Mollie Whuppie† starts is practically identical to the start of â€Å"Hansel and Gretel:† A man and his wife have too many children and not enough meat to feed them all, so the parents take them into the woods and leave them there. So again, the same point can be argued that the central issue of starvation anxiety is what strikes the match for the story just as it did in â€Å"Hansel and Gretel. † Mollie and her 3 sisters walk into the woods and found a house as it was beginning to get dark. They knock on the door because they are desperately hungry. This is also a representation similar to â€Å"Hansel and Gretel† when the children come to the witch’s house. Since the girls were so hungry the only thing they were focusing on at this point was getting food, while overlooking the fact that they were walking up to a random house in the middle of the woods. This encounter sets the pace for the rest of the events that happen in the tale. However, what is different from Hansel and Gretel’s encounter with the witch and the girl’s encounter at the house is that Hansel and Gretel did not really know what they were walking into. They just saw a house made of appealing treats and they were starving, which led them to be unsuspectingly taken advantage of by a cannibalistic witch. In Mollie Whuppie, the giant’s wife, knows that her husband will likely kill the girl’s when he returns home and she lets them know that, telling them â€Å"I can’t do that, as my man is a giant, and he would kill you if he comes home†(209). Therefore, they had more of an understanding as to what possible consequences could arise than Hansel and Gretel did in their encounter with the witch. Also, when the Giant comes home, the wife protects them and tells her husband that they will leave. Having been told not to eat them, the giant orders the girls to stay the night, eats his supper, and falls asleep immediately afterward. This is an example of how food shapes this story because since he ate the dinner and fell asleep it allowed Molly to coordinate a way to manipulate the situation. Her switching of the straw necklaces and the gold chains lead to her and her sisters to being saved from being eaten and allows her to escape and live to tell her story to the king. This sets the stage for the rest of the story. Another fundamental difference between the story of â€Å"Hansel and Gretel† and â€Å"Molly Whuppie† is that Molly is always going back into the woods to test her luck and she usually always outwits her adversary in the giant. Therefore, her character traits are shown as she already exhibits witty qualities that are helpful for overcoming evil monsters, while Hansel and Gretel have to develop those qualities for themselves and wait for an opportunity to push the witch into the oven. Therefore Molly Whuppie definitely has a lot more understanding of what she is getting into before she gets there and Hansel and Gretel become vulnerable only as a consequence of their ease of giving into temptation of devouring the gingerbread house. They have no prior knowledge of the fact that the witch is going to try and eat them, and until she reveals her true intentions they have much less to go on. In order to overcome the witch, they have to develop a plan for how they react as they go along because they do not automatically possess the ability to outsmart evil doers as Mollie Whuppie does. When Hansel and Gretel finish their trial in overcoming the witch, it is implied that they have adapted somewhat of an evolved sense of their ability to solve their troubles by themselves, and that can be signified in the part where the duck takes them home and they each get on one at a time. This can be interpreted to mean that they are both are now the captains of their own ship, so to speak, with their newly acquired realizations of themselves gained through overcoming obstacles, and thus being ready to return home to live with their father. Molly Whuppie’s story does the same thing but with somewhat less cleanliness in the moral because she is being a con artist, stealing the giant’s things and getting her and her sisters married, leading them to living in the castle. One could argue that the only reason she would be doing this is because the giant is evil, but there is kind of a discrepancy in how the lessons of Molly Whuppie and Hansel and Gretel might be interpreted. As Maria Tatar points out in her Introduction to Hansel and Gretel, the difference between the two characters and their stories is â€Å"Hansel and Gretel and The Juniper Tree Give us High melodrama—abandonment, treachery, betrayal, and joyous reunions—â€Å"Mollie Whuppie and â€Å"Tom Thumb† offer comic relief in the form of spunky adventurers who use their wits to turn the tables on adversaries with daunting powers† (184). She adds, â€Å"What George Cruikshank had to say about â€Å"Puss in Boots† goes far in explaining why child tricksters have not enjoyed the success of other fairy tale characters: â€Å"the tale was a succession of successful falsehoods—a clever lesson in lying! —a system of imposture rewarded by the greatest worldly advantage—a useful lesson truly to be impressed upon the minds of children! †(184). The stories are seen to convey their messages differently because a lot of what Mollie Whuppie does might be seen by some people as selfish or immoral, and even though they do get the witches treasure at the end the story of Hansel and Gretel is viewed as somewhat more heroic because they are not going back into confrontations with the witches to get something else out of it as Mollie Whuppie did with the Giant. Mollie Whuppie exploits the adversary and Hansel and Gretel learn more of a lesson, overcoming evil rather than trying to take advantage of the conflict for their own material gains. The story of the Juniper Tree relates to the idea of food shaping the social world of fairytales in profound ways but, food is present rather than absent as it was in the previous two tales. The story basically starts out in the â€Å"Juniper Tree,† where the mother wants a child and as she is peeling an apple under the tree. She cuts her finger and begins to bleed, signifying, as this motif did in â€Å"Snow White,† the loss of virginity and thus the conception of the child. It can be argued that the conception of the child comes directly from an interaction with food, being that she was peeling an apple and that was what led her to bleed. The mother dies during childbirth and is buried under the juniper tree as she had requested. The father after a while remarries a woman and they have a daughter. The new â€Å"stepmother† is seen as â€Å"a troublemaker stirring things up and unsettling the family in an unspeakably radical fashion. †(Tatar 182). The mother is consumed by anger and jealousy whenever she sees the boy, she feels as if â€Å"the devil prompted her†(191). and when the boy goes to get an apple out of the chest and slams the lid on his head which decapitates him. She puts the boy in a stew and the when the father comes home he enjoys it so much that he eats the entire thing. â€Å"Oh, Wife†¦ No one else will get any. Somehow I feel as if it is all mine† (192). This idea can be related to the interpretation presented in Gilbert and Gubar’s interpretation of â€Å"Snow White,† where they suggest that the huntsman bring the boar’s lungs and liver to the stepmother in that story. She believes that she is eating Snow White, who is her sworn enemy; the author’s suggest that in doing this she is devouring her own rage and thus becoming even more enraged. In â€Å"The Juniper Tree,† when the father eats the stew the reason that he finds it so appetizing is because even though he does not know of his son’s demise, by consuming him he is bringing in the energy of his son to himself, so the reason he wants to eat it all is to gain closure. The event of the boy being eaten also eventually leads to his rebirth when his sister brings the bones to the Juniper Tree and buries them. By her doing this a bird comes from the boy’s spirit. This can also imply that since the boy is being buried at the same location that his mother was buried that she is aiding him in enacting his revenge against the stepmother. One of the reasons I feel that the stepmother is so tempted toward her cannibalistic inclinations is that she knows that the family has a lot of money, and therefore that means they have a lot of food. It is made apparent that her greed is a leading factor toward why she wants the boy dead, in part because if you had money in those days, you had food. She knew that the family was in a good position, and she was in such a good position herself to take advantage of their fortunes. When the boy is reincarnated as a bird that blossoms from underneath the juniper tree and he proceeds to get gifts for those people who loved him and if they did harm him like the father eating him it was only because they hadn’t known what they were doing. The mother eventually gets killed by the boy when he is in the form of a bird and drops a millstone on her head. Then he returns to human form and they go sit down and eat as they do on several occasions throughout the story. They live happily ever after, suggesting that their worries are now gone because the stepmother is dead. The message this story delivers to the reader is simple: either you’ll get a gold chain or some new red shoes for behaving well or you’ll get a millstone dropped on your head. All three stories have the idea that food shapes the social world of fairytales in profound ways. Hansel and Gretel’s journey in the forest comes as a result of their parents constructing a plan to abandon them in order to ensure that they themselves do not go hungry, leading the children to, as Bruno Bettelheim puts it, â€Å"Overcome and sublimate their primitive, incorporative and hence destructive desires† (274). This means that they came to a greater state of being, both intellectually and psychologically for themselves as individuals, having been put on this trial by their parents and overcoming their adversary in the witch, making them more apt to conquer any anxieties which they have yet to face in their lives. The journey in â€Å"Mollie Whuppie† is also initiated by the parents of the three young ladies because they, like Hansel and Gretel’s parents are facing a shortage of food. The moral of the story may be represented in a manner that is not as clean as the story of Hansel and Gretel because Mollie Whuppie is stealing, cheating, and lying to the giant in order to get his belongings and have her and her sisters be married to the king’s sons. That is justified because the Giant is a child-eating cannibal, which makes her somewhat of an acceptable character in that regard because the people who she is deceiving probably deserved it in the first place. She is enacting the rules of karma upon the giant, so to speak, and therefore the fact that she ends up living in the king’s castle at the end of the story is probably a sensible resolution in this case The Juniper Tree focuses on the concept of food’s presence and absence shaping the social world of fairytales in that it was the Stepmother’s plan to murder the little boy mainly because she was jealous of the love he got and she preferred her child over him, but the presence of food instilled her with greed and made her feel as if she were untouchable. That’s why it was so easy for her to cook him up in a stew and feed him to his own father. In conclusion, in all these stories the main characters gain exponential growth in the area of self-realization and spiritual growth. They conquer their fears and become better people in doing so. This occurs whether it be by dropping a millstone on the head of your evil stepmother to avenge your own death and thus being reincarnated through that act of revenge as the boy did in the Juniper Tree, or by enhancing ability to solve problems for yourself through being pitted against a cannibalistic witch because you were so hungry that you forgot that, even though it is a fantastic gingerbread house, it might not be wise to impulsively start chowing down on a random structure in the middle of the woods. In Molly Whuppie’s case you might be the daring type of person who would like to test your luck numerous times in stealing from a giant and not learn your lesson until you just narrowly escape the mitts of death. My point is that in all of these stories the message that is conveyed to the child as Bruno Bettelheim writes is that, â€Å"They learn to trust that someday they will master the dangers of the world, even in the exaggerated form in which their fears depict them, and be enriched by it†(279). This is why at the end of all the stories, being that they have accomplished conquering this anxiety, they gain something. For example, in â€Å"Hansel and Gretel† the jewels are symbolic of them being able to handle their own challenges. Thus they are worry-free because with their new found intelligence, which they gained from the encounter with the witch, they are now able to conquer any obstacle. Similarly, in Mollie Whuppie, her and her sisters are married because of Molly embarking on dangerous tasks for the king and ultimately get to live in the castle at the end as a result of Molly’s courage in the face of these adverse adventures. Also in the Juniper Tree the boy is returned to life after he drops the millstone on his stepmothers head because he overcame what opposed him. In all the stories the main conflict is brought about through food and in the end all the characters are greatly rewarded or as Bettelheim puts it â€Å"enriched† for facing what they had once feared. Works Cited: Bettelheim, Bruno Criticism of â€Å"Hansel Gretel. † The Classic Fairytales Ed. Maria Tatar New York: Norton, 1999. 273-280 Print. Grimm, Jacob and Wilheim â€Å"Hansel Gretel. † The Classic Fairytales Ed. Maria Tatar New York: Norton, 1999. 184-190 Print. Grimm, Jacob and Wilheim â€Å"The Juniper Tree. † The Classic Fairytales Ed. Maria Tatar New York: Norton, 1999. 190-197 Print. Gilbert M. Sandra, and Gubar Susan â€Å"Snow White and Her Wicked Stepmother. † The Classic Fairytales Ed. Maria Tatar New York: Norton, 199 291-297 Print. Jacobs, Joseph â€Å"Mollie Whuppie. † The Classic Fairytales Ed. Maria Tatar New York: Norton, 1999. 209-211 Print. Tatar, Maria Introduction to â€Å"Hansel Gretel. † The Classic Fairytales Ed. Maria Tatar New York: Norton, 1999. 179-184 Print.

Dendrochronology - Tree Ring Records of Climate Change

Dendrochronology - Tree Ring Records of Climate Change Dendrochronology is the formal term for tree-ring dating, the science that uses the growth rings of trees as a detailed record of climatic change in a region, as well as a way to approximate the date of construction for wooden objects of many types. Key Takeaways: Dendrochronology Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, is the study of growth rings in deciduous trees to identify absolute dates of wooden objects.  Tree rings are created by the tree as it grows in girth, and the width of a given tree ring is dependent on climate, so a stand of trees will all have a near-identical pattern of tree rings.The method was invented in the 1920s by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass and archaeologist Clark Wissler.  Recent applications include tracking climate change, identifying pending slope collapses, finding American trees in World War I trench construction, and using chemical signatures in tropical trees to identify past temperature and precipitation.  Tree ring dating is also used to calibrate radiocarbon dates. As archaeological dating techniques go, dendrochronology is extremely precise: if the growth rings in a wooden object are preserved and can be tied into an existing chronology, researchers can determine the precise calendar year- and often season- the tree was cut down to make it. Because of that precision, dendrochronology is used to calibrate ​radiocarbon dating, by giving science a measure of the atmospheric conditions which are known to cause radiocarbon dates to vary. Radiocarbon dates which have been calibrated by comparison to dendrochronological records are designated by abbreviations such as cal BP, or calibrated years before the present. What are Tree Rings? Cross section of a tree illustrating the cambium layer. Lukaves / iStock / Getty Images Tree-ring dating works because a tree grows larger- not just height but gains girth- in measurable rings each year in its lifetime. The rings are the cambium layer, a ring of cells that lies between the wood and bark and from which new bark and wood cells originate; each year a new cambium is created leaving the previous one in place. How large the cambiums cells grow in each year, measured as the width of each ring, depends on temperature and moisture- how warm or cool, dry or wet each years seasons were. Environmental inputs into the cambium are primarily regional climatic variations, changes in temperature, aridity, and soil chemistry, which together are encoded as variations in the width of a particular ring, in the wood density or structure, and/or in the chemical composition of the cell walls. At its most basic, during dry years the cambiums cells are smaller and thus the layer is thinner than during wet years. Tree Species Matters Not all trees can be measured or used without additional analytical techniques: not all trees have cambiums that are created annually. In tropical regions, for example, annual growth rings are not systematically formed, or growth rings are not tied to years, or there are no rings at all. Evergreen cambiums are commonly irregular and not formed annually. Trees in arctic, sub-arctic and alpine regions respond differently depending on how old the tree is- older trees have reduced water efficiency which results in a reduced response to temperature changes. Invention of Dendrochronology Tree-ring dating was one of the first absolute dating methods developed for archaeology, and it was invented by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass and archaeologist Clark Wissler in the first decades of the 20th century. Douglass was mostly interested in the history of climatic variations exhibited in tree rings; it was Wissler who suggested using the technique to identify when adobe pueblos of the American southwest were built, and their joint work culminated in research at the Ancestral Pueblo town of Showlow, near the modern town of Showlow, Arizona, in 1929. The Beam Expeditions Archaeologist Neil M. Judd is credited with convincing the National Geographic Society to establish the First Beam Expedition, in which log sections from occupied pueblos, mission churches and prehistoric ruins from the American southwest were collected and recorded alongside those from living ponderosa pine trees. The ring widths were matched and cross-dated, and by the 1920s, chronologies were built back nearly 600 years. The first ruin tied to a specific calendar date was Kawaikuh in the Jeddito area, built in the 15th century; charcoal from Kawaikuh was the first charcoal used in (the later) radiocarbon studies. In 1929, Showlow was being excavated by Lyndon L. Hargrave and Emil W. Haury, and dendrochronology conducted on Showlow eventuated the first single chronology for the southwest, extending over a period of over 1,200 years. The Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research was established by Douglass at the University of Arizona in 1937, and it is still conducting research today. Building a Sequence Over the past hundred years or so, tree ring sequences have been built for various species all over the world, with such long date strings as a 12,460-year sequence in central Europe completed on oak trees by the Hohenheim Laboratory, and an 8,700 year-long bristlecone pine sequence in California. Building a chronology of climate change in a region today was first simply a matter of matching overlapping tree ring patterns in older and older trees; but such efforts are no longer based solely on tree-ring widths. Features such as wood density, the elemental composition (called dendrochemistry) of its makeup, the anatomical features of the wood, and stable isotopes captured within its cells have been used in conjunction with traditional tree ring width analysis to study air pollution effects, the uptake of ozone, and changes in soil acidity over time. Medieval Là ¼beck In 2007, German wood scientist Dieter Eckstein described wooden artifacts and building rafters within the Medieval town of Là ¼beck, Germany, an excellent example of the myriad ways the technique can be used. Là ¼becks medieval history includes several events that are pertinent to the study of tree rings and forests, including laws passed in the late 12th and early 13th century establishing some basic sustainability rules, two devastating fires in 1251 and 1276, and a population crash between about 1340 and 1430 resulting from the Black Death. Construction booms at Là ¼beck are marked by the extensive use of younger trees, which signal demand outpacing the ability of the forests to recover; busts, such as after the Black Death decimated the population, are denoted by a long period of no construction at all, followed by the use of very old trees.In some of the wealthier houses, the rafters used during construction were cut down at different times, some spanning more than a year; most other houses have rafters cut down at the same time. Eckstein suggests that is because wood for the wealthier house was obtained at a timber market, where the trees would have been cut and stored until they could be sold; while less well-off house constructions were built just-in-time.Evidence of long-distance timber trade is seen in wood imported for pieces of art such as the Triumphal Cross and Screen at the St. Jacobi Cathedral. That was identified as having been constructed out of wood that had been specifically shipped in from 200-300-yea r-old trees from the Polish-Baltic forests, probably along established trade routes from Gdansk, Riga, or Konigsberg harbors. Tropical and Subtropical Environments Cludia Fontana and colleagues (2018) documented advances in filling a major gap in dendrochronological research in tropical and subtropical regions, because trees in those climates have either complex ring patterns or no visible tree rings at all.  That is an issue because because since global climate change is in progress, we need to understand the physical, chemical and biological processes that effeect terrestrial carbon levels is increasingly important. The tropic and subtropic regions of the world, such as the Brazilian Atlantic Forest of South America, store about 54% of the total biomass of the planet. The best results for standard dendrochronological research are with the evergreen Araucaria angustifolia (Paran pine, Brazilian pine or candelabra tree), with a sequence established in the rainforest between 1790–2009 CE); preliminary studies (Nakai et al. 2018) have shown that there are chemical signals which trace precipitation and temperature changes, which may be le veraged for gaining more information.    The elliptical rings on this tree from Turkey show that the tree grew tilted on a slope for several years, the part facing the upslope identified by the narrowness of the ring in the right hand side of the image. Mehmet Gà ¶khan Bayhan / iStock / Getty Images A 2019 study (Wistuba and colleagues) found that tree rings can also warn of impending slope collapses. It turns out that trees that are tilted by landsliding record eccentric elliptical tree rings. The downslope parts of the rings grow wider than the upslope ones, and in studies carried out in Poland, Malgorzata Wistuba and colleagues found that those tilts are in evidence between three and fifteen years prior to catastrophic collapse. Other Applications It had long been known that three 9th century Viking period boat-grave mounds near Oslo, Norway (Gokstad, Oseberg, and Tune) had been broken into at some point in antiquity. The interlopers defaced the ships, damaged the grave goods and pulled out and dispersed the bones of the deceased. Fortunately for us, the looters left behind the tools they used to break into the mounds, wooden spades and stretchers (small handled platforms used to carry objects out of the tombs), which were analyzed using dendrochronology. Tying tree ring fragments in the tools to established chronologies, Bill and Daly (2012) discovered that all three of the mounds were opened and the grave goods damaged during the 10th century, likely as part of Harald Bluetooths campaign to convert Scandinavians to Christianity. Wang and Zhao used dendrochronology to look at the dates of one of the Silk Road routes used during the Qin-Han period called the Qinghai Route. To resolve conflicting evidence over when the route was abandoned, Wang and Zhao looked at wood remains from tombs along the route. Some historical sources had reported the Qinghai route was abandoned by the 6th century AD: dendrochronological analysis of 14 tombs along the route identified a continuing use through the late 8th century. A study by Kristof Haneca and colleagues (2018) described evidence for the importation of American timber to construct and maintain the 440 mi (700 km) long defensive line of World War I trenches along the western front. Selected Sources Bill, Jan, and Aoife Daly. The Plundering of the Ship Graves from Oseberg and Gokstad: An Example of Power Politics? Antiquity 86.333 (2012): 808–24. Print.Fontana, Cludia, et al. Dendrochronology and Climate in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Which Species, Where and How. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 13.4 (2018). Print.Haneca, Kristof, Sjoerd van Daalen, and Hans Beeckman. Timber for the Trenches: A New Perspective on Archaeological Wood from First World War Trenches in Flanders Fields. Antiquity 92.366 (2018): 1619–39. Print.Manning, Katie, et al. The Chronology of Culture: A Comparative Assessment of European Neolithic Dating Approaches. Antiquity 88.342 (2014): 1065–80. Print.Nakai, Wataru, et al. Sample Preparation of Ring-Less Tropical Trees for ÃŽ ´18O Measurement in Isotope Dendrochronology. Tropics 27.2 (2018): 49–58. Print.Turkon, Paula, et al. Applications of Dendrochronology in Northwestern Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 29.1 (2018): 1 02–21. Print.Wang, Shuzhi, and Xiuhai Zhao. Re-Evaluating the Silk Roads Qinghai Route Using Dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 31.1 (2013): 34–40. Print.

Rene Descartes Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rene Descartes Philosophy - Essay Example In fuller conclusion the issues of doubt are brought up, he says, â€Å"underthought, I embrace all that which is in us so that we are immediately aware of it, a thing which exists thinks is a thing which doubts, understands†¦.† (21). These arguments by Descartes illustrate the need for self-assessment before making conclusions. A person (thinking being) is subject to doubt, hence must first be skeptic about everything in order to end up making the informed judgment. Thus, anything that exists has properties but must be subject to some skeptic before making an informed judgment and acknowledging its, existence. For example, a person sees a bottle of water, and his eyes tell him that it is there. Since this person has the premise that what his eyes sees is in fact real (or existing) it means that he knows that the bottle exists. In a similar way, Descartes explains that man (I) exists because of some attributes like body, soul, and thoughts. He goes ahead to explain that ‘I’ denies, understands, doubts, affirms, is willing, is unwilling, has sensory perception and imagines (19). This shows that an existence comes hand in hand with knowledge of properties that something possesses. Existence without the knowledge of its properties is even more illogical than deriving a conclusion that the existence of self also encompasses the nature of self. When Renà © Descartes says that he thinks, therefore, he exists, it means that he is aware of what he is and what his nature is. Otherwise, there is no existence. Every existence has its properties; be it divine authority like God or as trivial as a plastic water bottle.